• Cèilidh Teaghlaich / Family Cèilidh

    Morningside United Church 15 Chamberlain Road, Edinburgh

    Cèilidh teaghlaich – Fosgailte do choimhearsnachd Ghàidhlig Dhùn Èideann air fad. Is e tachartas do gach aois a tha seo le uair freagarrach airson teaghlaichean le clann nas òige. Thigibh ann airson dannsa agus a dh’ionnsachadh òrain Ghàidhlig ainmeil. Tha sinn air leth toilichte gum bi an còmhlan dùthchail Bùrach còmhla rinn le beagan phuirt; […]

  • Còisirean Cruinn // Choirs Together

    Doune Braes Hotel Carloway, Isle of Lewis

    Bidh Màiri NicLeòid a’ ruith bhùth-obrach do chòisirean an eilein còmhla gus puirt na bliadhna-sa ionnsachadh. Gheibh na com-pàirtichean biadh às a dhèidh is thig cèilidh na chois air an oidhche! -- Màiri MacLeod, conductor of Carloway Gaelic Choir, will lead a workshop for all the island choirs to learn this year’s puirt for Mòd […]

  • Seinn Gàidhlig ann an Lodainn an Iar // Singing in Comhairle Lodainn an Iar

    Howden Park Centre, Livingston

    Seinn Gàidhlig ann an Lodainn an Iar! Bidh sinn a’ ruith 2 bhùth-obrach gus daoine a thoirt cruinncòmhla airson òrain Ghàidhlig ionnsachadh ann an suidheachadh taiceil agus neo-fhoirmeil. Sa chiad bhùth-obrach bidh cothrom agaibh tàlaidhean ionnsachadh airsonleanabh (no thu-fhèin!) a sheatlaigeadh agus san dàrna bhùth-obrach seinnidh sinn òrain luaidh le chèile. An dòchas ur faicinn […]

  • GLASCHU: Coinneamh mhòr sa Ghearran! (GLASGOW: Big February Meetup!)

    Garnethill Multicultural Centre 21 Rose Street, Glasgow

    Halò! Is sinne Buidheann Gàidhlig Ghlaschu bho Meetup.com. Air Di-Sathairne, an 25mh dhen Ghearran, thig sinn còmhla - gu pearsanta - ann an Glaschu airson 3 uairean a thìde. Bruidhinnidh sinn sa Ghàidhlig agus feuchaidh sinn ris a' Bheurla a sheachnadh 😉 'S e 30 daoine as motha a bhios aig an tachartas seo. Feumaidh […]

  • Cur air Bhog Leabhar Alistair Paul

    Comhairle nan Leabhraichean 32 Mansfield Street, Glaschu G11 5QP, United Kingdom

    Bidh Alistair Paul a' tighinn a-nall à Eilean Arainn gus bruidhinn mun leabhar ùr aige Fir an Diùraidh. Seo a’ chiad nobhail a sgrìobh e, ach chan e seo a’ chiad leabhar aige. Bhuannaich an cruinneachadh sgeulachdan goirid aige, Linne Dhomhain, duais airson na Làmh-sgrìobhainn as Fheàrr do dh’Inbhich ann an 2020. A bharrachd air […]

  • Cafaidh na Gàidhlig // Gaelic Cafe

    Penicuik Storehouse 22 High Street, Edinburgh

    Cothrom neo-fhoirmeil a bhith a' cruinneachadh agus a' cabadaich sa Ghàidhlig. Tha cofaidh,tì,cèic agus sgonaichean rin ceannach anns a' chafaidh. 'S e iomairt shoisealta a th' anns an Storehouse air a stiùireadh leis a' choimhearsneachd. Cuirear fàilte bhlàth air an dà chuid luchd-ionnsachaidh aig a h-uile ìre agus fileantaich. -- An informal opportunity to come […]

  • COMING TOGETHER: A family Ceilidh

    Perth Riverside Church Bute Drive, Perth, Perth and Kinross, United Kingdom

    COMING TOGETHER: A FAMILY CEILIDH The Gaelic medium education families of the Goodlyburn primary school in Perth will be hosting a Family Ceilidh in Perth on Saturday, the 25/02/. The Ceilidh will start in the afternoon at 15:30-19:00. The Garry Alexander Ceilidh band will be playing for us. During the event, there will be various […]

    $3 – $10
  • Cànan is Cèic

    Thomas J Walls Forrest Road, Edinburgh

    Bidh sinne aig Thomas J Walls, Forrest Road 3.30-4.30f gach Disathairne ge bith dè an t-sìde! Fàilte romhaibh uile! Gabh cofaidh agus faighnich dhan luchd-obrach càite a bheil sinn. We will be at Thomas J Walls, Forrest Road 3.30-4.30f every Saturday hail, rain or shine! All welcome! Order a coffee and ask the staff where […]

  • Àm airson na Gàidhlig – Dè an t-àm? for Gaelic

    Greenfaulds High School Auchenkilns Rd, Cumbernauld

    An afternoon of traditional Gaelic music, song and activities for all age Arts and crafts, storytelling and a celebration of Gaelic music and culture Leugh is Seinn le Linda Singing workshop with Ceit Langhorne Cumbernauld Gaelic Choir Author Maya MacGregor Come and try Shinty Sessions Gaelic Books Council Bookstall

  • Learn a Gaelic Song Workshop | Ionnsaich Òran Gàidhlig air loidhne

    Online

    Ionnsaich Òran Gàidhlig. Bùth-obrach Sùim. Bidh faclan, eadar-theagachadh, faclan fuaimneachail is clàraidhean MP3 ri làimh. Cha leig thu leas a bhith fileanta sa Ghàidhlig. Tha Linn air bùithtean-obrach òrain Ghàidhlig a stiùireadh air loidhne bho Ameireagaidh gu Èirinn, Alba, Sasainn, an Fhraing is Astràilia, is tha ise fosgailte ri molaidhean. Learn a Scottish Gaelic Song. […]

  • Calman nan Loch I Colm na Lochanna I The Dove of Lochs

    Scottish Storytelling Centre 43-45 High Street, Edinburgh

    Thigibh nar cuideachd airson a’ chiad shealladh an Dùn Èideann den fhilm aithriseach Calman nan Loch | Colm na Lochanna | The Dove of Lochs. Choisinn am film Duais an Luchd-Choimhid aig Fèis Film Goirid Phàrais 2022. Thèid tachartas fàilteachaidh na dhèidh son ceangal sònraichte a chomharrachadh eadar an dà fhèis eadar-nàiseanta, Seachdain na Gàidhlig […]

    $6 – $8
  • BSGI Family Ceilidh

    Balloch Village Hall Inverness, United Kingdom

    Parent Council at BSGI are holding a family ceilidh in Inverness to mark Seachdain na Gàidhlig. As parents of Bun Sgoil Ghàidhlig Inbhir Nis pupils, we want to show the children how vibrant the language is outwith the school environment. This event will be open to the general public in the hope we can widen […]

    $4 – $16
  • Iain Fhionnlaigh agus Cruinneachadh Tobar an Dualchais/ The Fieldwork of Ian Paterson, Berneray

    Berneray Community Hall Isle of Berneray

    Bidh Liam Crouse, oileanach PhD aig Tobar an Dualchais agus Sabhal Mòr Ostaig, a’ toirt seachad òraid air beatha Iain Peatarsan agus na clàraidhean a rinn e ann am Beàrnaraigh mar phàirt den obair a bh’ aige aig Sgoil Eòlais na h-Alba. B’ ann à Beàrnaraigh a bha Iain agus rinn e clàraidhean san eilean […]

  • Family Ceilidh & Dòmhnall Ruadh Mac an t-Saoir Resource Launch

    The Wynd Centre, Paisley School Wynd, Paisley, United Kingdom

    Fèis Phàislig will celebrate the life and work of Dòmhnall Ruadh Mac an t-Saoir, the Paisley Bard, with a dedicated space on our website, ahead of the Royal National Mòd coming to Paisley in 2023. Fèis Phàislig will curate existing resources and information to create a resource that specifically discusses his Paisley connections and his […]

    TBC
  • Còisir Ghàidhlig Thaigh an Uillt/Taynuilt Gaelic Choir @ 25 years

    Taynuilt Village Hall Taynuilt, Argyll and Bute, United Kingdom

    Còisir Ghàidhlig Thaigh an Uillt are celebrating 25 years. Come together and join us on the 25th February 2023 including an afternoon workshop with Sileas Sinclair and an evening Ceilidh. Relax at the evening Ceilidh with music supplied by the award winning Michael and Joanie Garvin. We will have refreshments available and a quiz along […]

    $5.00
  • The Big World Gaelic Week Ceilidh: Mull

    Aros Hall Main Street, Tobermory, Isle of Mull, United Kingdom

    The Big World Gaelic Week Ceilidh: Mull Aros Hall, Tobermory, Saturday 25 February 2023, 7pm-11pm Come to The Big World Gaelic Week Ceilidh for lots of singing, music and dancing! We will have a renowned Gaelic singer, ceilidh dance music from Treshnish, and lots of local singers and musicians, young and old. We will also […]

    $4 – $20
  • Cèilidh an Càrlabhagh // Cèilidh in Carloway

    Doune Braes Hotel Carloway, Isle of Lewis

    Thig còmhla rinn airson cèilidh leis an Islands Cèilidh Band! Tìodhlac agus rafail aig an doras do Chòisir Ghàidhlig Chàrlabhaigh. -- Come with us for a cèilidh at the Islands Cèilidh Band! Donations and raffle at the door for Carloway Gaelic Choir.

  • DJ Set le Innes Strachan bho Niteworks airson Seachdain na Gàidhlig

    Online

    Thig còmhla rinn aig 10f air Disathairne 25 Gearran airson set DJ air leth le Innes Strachan. Cuiribh oirbh na brògan dannsaidh! Chaidh seo a shealltainn an toiseach aig na duaisean ciùil traidiseanta Albannach aig MG Alba. // Join us at 10pm on Saturday 25th February for a brilliant DJ set with Innes Strachan from […]

  • Gàidhlig is òrain san Language Hub / Gaelic language and songs in The Language Hub

    Air feasgar Disathairne 25mh Gearran, bidh Gillebrìde Mac 'IlleMhaoil a' lìbhrigeadh feasgar de chànan agus òrain Ghàidhlig anns an Language Hub & Cafe ann am Partaig, Glaschu.   On the afternoon and evening of 25th February Gillebrìde MacMillan will present a programme of Gaelic language and songs in The Language Hub Cafe in Partick, Glasgow.Tha […]

    $5
  • Lairg Gaelic Gathering

    Lairg Community Centre School House, Lairg, Sutherland, United Kingdom

    Lairg Gaelic Gathering will bring people of all ages to come together and celebrate Sutherland’s Gaelic heritage during Seachdain na Gàidhlig. The event will take the form of a traditional cèilidh featuring storytelling, poetry, music and song from local artists and community groups. Whether you’re a Gaelic speaker or not this is a fantastic opportunity […]

    $5.00
  • Litirdi Gàidhlig / Gaelic Eucharist

    Christ Church Scottish Episcopal Church Bishopton Road, Lochgilphead

    Litirdi na h-Eaglais Easbuigeache Thèid Kyrie, Sanctus 's Agnus air an seinn 'sa Ghàidhlig Thèid na h-ùrnaighean agus an t-searmon air am bruidhinn ’sa Bheurla Dì-Dòmhnaich 26 Gearr. 11 m - 12 f. Deasachadh (toilteanach) bho 1030 m. Gaelic Eucharist The sung portions of the Eucharist will be sung in Gaelic The spoken part will […]

  • Gaelic in the City – A Walking Tour | Gàidhlig sa Bhaile Mhòr – Turas Coiseachd

    Lean ar treòraiche, Angus, mun cuairt Dhùn Èideann, ag ionnsachadh mun Ghàidhlig agus na tha air fhàgail dhi sa bhaile mhòr. Gabhaidh seo a-steach ainmean cuid de shràidean is clachan-cuimhne agus cuideachd sgeulachdan mu mar a tha an cànan air atharrachadh tro na linntean. Follow our guide Angus through a tour of Edinburgh that will […]

    $12
  • Soup-er Sunday with Gaelic Community Ceilidh

    Dunoon Burgh Hall 195 Argyll St, Dunoon, United Kingdom

    An in-formal community gathering with soup and crafts for all ages. There will also be a FilmG screening of all the Gaelic Short Films created by Dunoon Grammar School and Sandbank Primary. This will be followed by a mini-ceilidh. Cothrom dhan choimhearsnachd tighinn ri cheile airson brot is ealain. Bidh sinn cuideachd a' taisbeanadh nam […]

    free
  • Seirbheis Ghàidhlig

    Greyfriars Kirk Greyfriars Place, Edinburgh

    Tha aoradh Gàidhlig air a bhith a’ tachairt ann an Dùn Èideann bho chionn 1704 nuair a chaidh ullachadh a dhèanamh le Àrd-Sheanadh Eaglais na h-Alba airson seirbheisean Gàidhlig a bhith air an cumail airson na saighdearan Gàidhealach a bha stèidhichte aig Caisteal Dhùn Èideann. An-diugh, bidh Seirbheis Ghàidhlig gan cùmail gach Dòmhnach aig 12.30f […]

  • Tea & Tunes – Gaelic Lunchtime Gaelic Concerts

    Marryat Hall City Square, Dundee, United Kingdom

    The Dundee Gaelic Choir will perform for Tea & Tunes Gaelic Lunchtime Concerts. The choir promotes the Gaelic language and culture through music and song. They compete in provincial mods throughout the year and at the Royal National Mod each October. The choir is conducted by Frances Menter with fun, vim and vigour! Hear a […]

    Free – $5
  • Gaelic Celebration and Network Community Afternoon

    Logie Kirk Hall 15 Alloa Road, Causewayhead, Stirling

    An afternoon to celebrate Gaelic and share what is happening locally and in the wider Gaelic world. All welcome and no prior Gaelic required. Enjoy music and song from our Local Gaelic Choir and Fèis Fhoirt along with some fun workshops. Browse books from the Gaelic Bookshop and learn about local place names from Ainmean-Àite […]

  • Lorg Glaschu @ Canàlan na h-Alba – “slighe-ionmhais” àrc-eòlach / archaeology treasure hunt

    Speirs Wharf, Scottish Canals Canal House, 1 Applecross St, Glasgow

    A bheil ùidh agad ann an àrc-eòlas agus eachdraidh Ghlaschu? Bidh an geama "Lorg - Glaschu" gad thoirt air cuairt tro mheadhan na Gàidhlig gus barrachd ionnsachadh ann an dòigh spòrsail. Thugainn agus cluich còmhla rinn! Bidh sinn a’ coinneachadh aig tòiseach na slighe aig Speirs Wharf ann am Port Dundas (55°52'15.8"N 4°15'28.5 W), far […]

  • Seinn aig Talla Bhreacais

    Puirt a Beul le Deirdre Greumach / Puirt a Beul with Deirdre Graham Seinn Aig Talla Bhreacais 26 February 2023 2-4pm Seinn Aig Talla Bhreacais will give people the opportunity to attend a singing workshop at Talla Bhreacais (An t-Eilean Sgitheanach) during Seachdain na Gàidhlig. This singing workshop will be led by Deirdre Graham from Breakish […]

    £4
  • Lairg Gaelic Gathering

    Lairg Community Centre School House, Lairg, Sutherland, United Kingdom

    Lairg Gaelic Gathering will bring people of all ages to come together and celebrate Sutherland’s Gaelic heritage during Seachdain na Gàidhlig. The event will take the form of a traditional cèilidh featuring storytelling, poetry, music and song from local artists and community groups. Whether you’re a Gaelic speaker or not this is a fantastic opportunity […]

    $5.00
  • Latha nam Fiolmichean Gàidhlig

    The Pyramid at Anderston 759 Argyle Street, Glasgow

    Bidh ceithir seisein ri cheile mar phart dhen Latha nam Filmichean Gàidhlig air Didòmhnaich, 26mh. Tha tiocaidean air reic do bhuth-obrach agus na sgrìneadhan air na ceangalan seo: https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/gaelic-film-day-first-steps-film-making-workshop-tickets-556206527697?aff=ebdsoporgprofile https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/sgrineadh-teaghlach-oran-na-mara-song-of-the-sea-pg-tickets-556208563787?aff=ebdsoporgprofile https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/sgrineadh-duthchas-home-u-tickets-556210208707?aff=ebdsoporgprofile

  • Cèilidh Mhòr 25.

    Greenfaulds High School Auchenkilns Rd, Cumbernauld

    Comann nam Pàrant are delighted to present Cèilidh Mhòr 25! We will be celebrating 25 years of Gaelic Medium Education in North Lanarkshire with a wonderful musical line up including Màiri MacInnes, Norrie MacIver (of Skipinnish and Mànran fame), Cumbernauld Gaelic Choir, Leo Swallow and children from our GME schools. Please join us for a […]

    £5
  • Coisir Ghaidhlig Ileach Ghlaschu / Glasgow Islay Gaelic Choir Annual Concert

    Nach tig sibh còmhla rinn airson cuirm-chiùil bhliadhnail Còisir Ghàidhlig Ìleach Ghlaschu! Fo stiùireadh ar stiùiriche cliùiteach Kirsteen Ghrannd, seinnidh a’ chòisir òrain sean is ùr. A bharrachd air sin cluinnidh sibh òran no dhà bho chuid de na buill againn fhìn. Bidh ceòl againn cuideachd bho cluicheadar a’ bhogsa-ciùil Charlie Kirkpatrick, agus sgeulachdan bhon […]

  • Fèis Rois Gaelic residential

    The Old Brewery Cromarty

    Tha Fèis Rois a’ cumail tachartas bogaidh Gàidhlig do dh’ òigridh, aig An t-Seann Taigh-grùide ann an Cromba, eadar 5f, Didòmhnaich 18mh – 3f, Dimàirt 20 Gearran 2024. Tha e fosgailte do chlann àrd-sgoile ann an AS1-4 nach deach tro fhoghlam tro mheadhan na Gàidhlig, ach a tha ag ionnsachadh na Gàidhlig.’S e cothrom air […]

  • Tea & Tunes – Gaelic Lunchtime Concerts

    Marryat Hall City Square, Dundee, United Kingdom

    Join us at the Marryat Hall, Dundee for an unforgettable afternoon of delightful Gaelic music with Dundee Gaelic Choir and featuring Aberfeldy and Stirling Gaelic Choirs for a mini-massed choir! before the start of World Gaelic Week. The Dundee Gaelic Choir promotes the Gaelic language and culture through music and song. The Dundee Gaelic Choir […]

    $5
  • Mount Cameron Primary School Gaelic Classes and Opportunities for Parents

    Mount Cameron Primary School and Calderglen High School East Kilbride

    We are running a variety of Gaelic activities for families of our school community throughout the week (weekly plan attached). We are also hosting a large dance on the Friday evening in conjunction with Calderglen High School from 19:00-21:00 on the Friday evening (details attached). If you wish to attend anything we have on offer, […]

  • Dè Chanas Sibhse?

    Aig 7f gach oidhche bho Dhiluain gu Dihaoine thar Seachdain na Gàidhlig, sgaoilidh mise bhidiothan a tha mi fhèin air a rannsachadh is a chlàradh mu dhiofar fhaclan, abairtean, ghnàthsan-cainnte, chleachdaidhean is m.s.a.a mun t-sìde. Bidh na bhidiothan seo gu sònraichte a' taisbeanadh an dualchainnt agam fhìn an Uibhist a Tuath, ach aig deireadh gach […]

  • Tachartasan aig Ceann na h-Àirigh

    Ceann na h-Àirigh, Griomsaigh Uibhist

    Diluain, 19mh den Ghearran aig 7f. Monday, 19th February at 7 p.m. SGRÎOBHADH: Cothrom tighinn cruinn còmhla ann an Ceann na h-Àirigh gus sùil a thoirt air bàrdachd, sgeulachdan agus dràma Eilean Ghriomsaigh. WRITING: An opportunity to gather together in Ceann na h-Àirigh to consider some of Grimsay’s poetry, short stories and drama. Diciadain, 21mh […]

  • Car a’ Mhuiltein | Somersaults

    Online

    Car a’ Mhuiltein | Somersaults, a new Gaelic short film by Gaelic playwright Iain Finlay Macleod Shot on the Isle of Lewis and featuring archive footage from his family’s traditional weaving craft and home movies, this new deeply personal digital artwork is inspired by Iain Finlay Macleod's 2011 stage production for the National Theatre of Scotland. […]

    Free
  • Gaelic in Strathnairn / Gàidhlig ann an Srath Naruinn

    Balla Coimhearsnachd Farr // Farr Community Hall Inverarnie Park, Inverness

    Monday: Gaelic theme to Strathnairn Community Arts Group 10:30-12:00 Monday: Gaelic heritage of Strathnairn. Presentation by Willie Forbes, Strathnairn Heritage Association 19:30-21:00 Wednesday: Gaelic Conversation Café / Cafaidh Còmhraidh - Gàidhlig ann an Srath Naruinn 10:30-12:00 Friday: Gaelic Music Café / Àm is Àite, Strathnairn Music Initiative 15:30-17:00 Saturday: Gaelic Conversation Café / Cafaidh Còmhraidh […]

  • Sgeul | Story – Taisbeanadh Iain Òg Ìle // John Francis Campbell Exhibition

    National Library of Scotland George IV Bridge, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

    Faigh a-mach mu na sgeulachdan Gàidhlig air leth a chruinnich Iain Òg Ìle (1821-1885). Gu 20mh den Ghiblean, 2024   Tha Sgeul | Story na taisbeanadh ann an Gàidhligagus Beurla mu sgeulachdan agus traidiseanan seanchais. Bidh daoine ag innse sgeulachdan gach latha. Tha sgeul air a cumail beò le sgeulaiche ga h-innse do dhaoine eile. […]

  • Seachdain na Gàidhlig aig TnP

    Bun-sgoil Taobh na Pàirce Edinburgh

    Bun-sgoil Taobh na Pàirce are running a number of taster workshops for pupils which include drama, shinty, music and highland dancing. We will also host a Leugh le Linda session for sgoil-araich pupils. On Friday, we will be hosting a Gaelic Cafe morning for members of the Edinburgh Gaelic community.

  • Let’s Talk About Gaelic

    Lairg & District Learning Centre Schoolhouse, Lairg, United Kingdom

    Are you interested in finding out more about Gaelic language and culture? This session will cover a brief overview of Gaelic and its place within Sutherland - past, present and future. We'll cover placenames, heritage, culture, language use and notable people from the area within this whistle stop tour. There will also be an opportunity […]

    Free
  • Menzieshill – An Introduction to Gaelic

    Menzieshill Community Hub 260 Dickson Avenue, Dundee, United Kingdom

    Free Introduction to Gaelic session in Menzieshill Community Hub for complete beginners or people who want to brush up on any Gaelic they have. All are welcome but to confirm a place please email boraraig@outlook.com Supported by Menzieshill Local Management Group // Gàidhlig do Luchd-Ionnnsachaidh ann an Ionad-Coimhearsnachd Mhenzieshill. Curaibh post-d do boraraig@outlook.com airson àite […]

    Free
  • Cearcall Còmhradh Dùn Phàrlain

    Granary Cafe, Carnegie Library and Galleries Dunfermline

    An informal conversation group for all language levels.

  • Scrabble Gàidhlig

    Douglas Hotel Brodick

    An d’fhuair sibh geama Scrabble Gàidhlig aig àm na Nollaig? Thig is cluich còmhla rinn! Craic math agus faclan ùra! An opportunity to enjoy a game of Gaelic Scrabble with other players. Good fun and lots of new words! Cost: Free

  • SCOTS GAELIC RESOURCES PROMOTION

    Gaeláras Mhic Árdghail 6b Chapel Street Upper, Newry, United Kingdom

    Community Library access Monday-Thursday to resources for learners, dictionaries, magazines, recordings - tha beagan Gàidhlig againn. Cost: Free

  • An Seisean Seinn ~ Singing Session

    The Rockfield Centre Oban, Argyll

    1 day group work music workshop involving 11-18 year olds from the Oban and Lorn area, building on Fèis Latharna’s Sunday Sessions monthly group work initiative. The focus of the workshop will be on Gaelic song - òrain luaidh / puirt a beul. The participants will learn to sing, play and arrange new material, and […]

    £10
  • Cuairt le neach-stiùir Gàidhlig | Guided Gaelic Walk

    Barnluasgan Lochgilphead

    Cuairt le neach-stiùir Gàidhlig le Cairistìona Nic an t-Saoir aig Bàrr an Loisgein. A guided Gaelic walk with Christine MacIntyre at Barnluasgan.

  • Geama Gàidhlig/ Gaelic Scrabble

    Carneigie Library and Galleries Dunfermline

    Informal game of Scrabble, with options for fluent speakers and learners.